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MIDI KEYBOARD CONTROL FUNCTIONS

What is MIDI?

MIDI is an acronym for Musical Instrument Digital Interface. This is the name of an international standard which was

instituted during the 1980s to provide for the communication of data between electronic musical instruments.

The MIDI standard allows instruments such as synthesizers, tone generators, and drum machines — not to mention

electronic pianos such as the P-100 —

to communicate with each other, and to be controlled by sequencers or

computers.

MIDI is a rather involved standard, and we will not attempt to explain all of its provisions in this short manual. You

will find it easier to put MIDI to work, however, if you understand a few of the basic concepts behind the standard.

Two of the most important concepts in MIDI are those of

channels

and

messages.

Channels

The MIDI standard provides 16 different channels for

the transmission of data between musical instruments.

All

MIDI keyboards

are capable of transmitting data

on at least one of these channels. Sequencers and

MIDI-equipped computers, by contrast, generally

transmit data on several channels at once, each chan-

nel being assigned to a different part of an ensemble

performance.

It is the task of

tone generators

to receive MIDI data

from keyboards, sequencers, or computers and

produce sounds in response. Some tone generators,

known as multitimbral tone generators, can play

different sounds in response to data received on more

than one channel. If this makes you think of the P-

100’s Dual and Split modes, then you’re right on

target: the P-100 actually consists of a MIDI keyboard

and a multitimbral tone generator capable of

producing two timbres simultaneously. We’ll take a

detailed look at how these hardware elements work

together in the next section.

Messages

All of the data which is transmitted between MIDI

devices takes the form of MIDI messages of one sort

or another. The messages most closely associated with

the actual performance of music are called

channel

voice

messages. These include

note on

and

note off

messages, which tell a tone generator which notes to

play, and when to start and stop playing them:

control

change, pitch bend,

and

aftertouch

key pressure

messages, which indicate how a keyboard’s control

functions are being operated: and

program change

messages. which tell a tone generator to switch to

another sound or set of sounds.

Channel voice messages must be transmitted on a

channel which will be received by the tone generator

for which they are intended. They are thus different

from

system

messages, which are transmitted on all

channels and received by all of the devices in a MIDI

system.

System messages, too, come in a number of varieties.

There are

system realtime

messages, which are used

to start, stop, and synchronize the sequencing devices

in a MIDI system. Another variety,

system exclusive

messages, allows for the transmission of data specific

to individual devices. This data can be either indi-

vidual parameter settings, which are transmitted as

parameter change messages, or large blocks of

settings, which are usually referred to as

bulk dumps.

There are several other kinds of MIDI messages that

we will not go into here. When using the P-100’s

MIDI functions, you will be concerned mainly with

only two types of messages: channel voice messages

and system exclusive messages. To learn what other

sorts of messages the P-100 supports, and how their

corresponding functions are implemented, you can

refer to the MIDI Data Format and MIDI

Implementation Chart sections at the back of this

manual.

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